What is GHB (Gamma-hydroxybutyrate)?

GHB, or Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, is a central nervous system depressant that has both medical and illicit uses. Medically, it is prescribed in specific cases for narcolepsy under the brand name Xyrem, helping to reduce symptoms like cataplexy and improve nighttime sleep. However, outside of these controlled uses, GHB is frequently misused for its euphoric and sedative effects, often earning it the nickname “liquid ecstasy.”

In the context of addiction and substance abuse, GHB is particularly dangerous because of its narrow dosage margin between a “high” and a potentially fatal overdose. It is commonly associated with recreational drug use, particularly in club or party settings, and has also been used in drug-facilitated sexual assault due to its ability to induce unconsciousness and memory loss at higher doses.

Long-term or repeated misuse of GHB can lead to physical and psychological dependence. Withdrawal symptoms can be severe and may require medical supervision. Because of its sedative properties, GHB depresses brain activity and can cause respiratory distress, coma, or death when taken in high doses or combined with other depressants like alcohol or benzodiazepines.

Due to these risks, GHB is a controlled substance in the United States and many other countries, with its manufacture, possession, or distribution outside of approved medical contexts being illegal. Treatment for GHB addiction often involves detoxification under medical supervision, followed by therapy and long-term recovery support.